DNA & Protein Synthesis Chapter 8

DNA & Protein Synthesis Chapter 8

What exactly is DNA and why is it considered the carrier of our genetic makeup?

What is DNA and where does it come from?

Identifying DNA as the carrier of genetic material Section 8.1

How did we figure this out????

Griffith's experiment reported in 1928 shows that bacteria have the ability to transfer "something"....




Griffith Avery Experiment

Hershey Chase Experiment

Structure of DNA 8.2


Deoxyribonucleic Acid aka DNA has a very unique structure identified as a DOUBLE HELIX. 

DNA is composed of a Sugar-Phosphate-Sugar-Phosphate-Sugar-Phosphate backbone (represented as the blue and red line)......

Each DNA molecule is composed of many subunits (monomers) known as a NUCLEOTIDES that hold the 2 strands together.

It is composed of a Phosphate group, Sugar, and a Base


DNA has 4 nitrogenous bases known as Cytosine (C) Guanine (G) Adenine (A) and Thymine (T) that make up DNA's structure.

Each one has its unique structure and is the complimentary pair to another. They are bonded together by the help of HYDROGEN BONDS



Scientists Credited for DNA Discovers Include....

Rosalind Franklin who discovered the image of DNA using X-rays.




Watson and Crick who discovered the structure of DNA using Rosalind Franklin's work in 1953.



Watson Explains Base Pairing

Match Up These Pairs With Their Corresponding Base Pair....

ATT GCG TAC GAT CGA TGC AGC AAA GCA



DNA Replication 8.3 

Where does this occur? 

When does this occur?


DNA molecule is read 3' (Three Prime) to 5' (Five Prime)

What is that???? DNA double helix is written ANTI-PARALLEL  

                         


Overview


DNA replicates in a few steps but many proteins are involved. Lets focus on a couple....

Step 1: DNA is unzipped at multiple sites of the strand by enzymes known as Helicase



Step 2: Another enzyme called DNA Polymerase begins creating the DNA new strand by pairing A-T and G-C. 
The new strand is copied 3' to 5'




Step 3: 2 Identical copies of DNA are created.



DNA Replication

Amoeba Sisters Replication

Segments (pieces) of DNA code are known as GENES and MANY GENES together make up a CHROMOSOME

So....what are Genes????

Analogy:
DNA, Genes, and Chromosomes can be compared to parts of a book....

 A book is like the 

 A Chapter is like the 

 Words are like the 



Summary

Cell Growth and Division Chapter 5

If you cut your finger, your cells grow and divide to make more cells. This is how your finger heals.

Cells grow and divide in a regular pattern, or cycle that is referred to as the .....
The Cell Cycle 5.1

The cell cycle has 4 main stages:

Gap 1 (G1): During this stage the cell grows in size and organelles get replicated. The cell spends 8-10 hrs in this stage (most of its time is spent here).

Synthesis (S): During this stage the cell synthesizes (makes) duplicate copies of its DNA. The cell spends 6-8 hrs in this stage.

Gap 2 (G2): During this stage the cell checks for errors in DNA synthesis and begins to grow in size preparing itself for cellular division. The cell spends 4-6 hrs in this stage.

These Three Stages Are Known As Interphase

















Mitosis (Mitotic Phase) (M): During this stage the cell prepares to divides into two cells through the process of Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase. The cell spends 3 hrs to complete this stage.


Cytokinesis is the process of the cell completely dividing into two cells.

Lets assess your knowledge....Quiz On HMH account, LOG IN

Section 5.2 The Stages of Mitosis:

Your nucleus commands cells to divide but before it divides it must first duplicate and condense its DNA into CHROMOSOMES.....

If you stretched the DNA in one cell all the way out, it 

would be about 2m long and all the DNA in all your cells 

put together would be about twice the diameter of the 

Solar System.

DNA Condensing Video






Lets understand the structure of a chromosome (condensed form of DNA)....

Chromosome Structure:

• A chromosome is one long continuous thread of DNA. 

• DNA wraps around proteins called histones. 

• DNA and histones form chromatin, which looks like spaghetti, during interphase. 

• Chromosomes condense tightly for mitosis

 because they are duplicated, they look like an X.

Lets examine the phases of cellular division known as Mitosis....

1. interphase: copies DNA, grows, duplicates organelles

2. prophase: chromosomes condense, nuclear envelope breaks down, spindle fibers form

3. metaphase: spindle fibers align chromosomes along the cell equator

4. anaphase: chromatids separate to opposite sides of cell

5. telophase: nuclear membranes start to form around chromosomes, chromosomes begin to uncoil, spindle fibers fall apart

6. cytokinesis: divides the cytoplasm between two daughter cells

Prophase: 



Metaphase: 



Anaphase:



Telophase:




Cytokinesis: 

BrainPop Mitosis Video


Lets assess your knowledge....

Mitosis Dance


Section 5.3 Regulation of Cells:


If the cell goes out of control, cancer can result. Cancer is uncontrolled/unregulated cell division.



Just as cells need to grow and divide, other cells need to 

die. Internal or external signals can start an orderly 

process of cell death. The cell is broken down and its 

parts are reused in building other molecules. This 

process of programmed cell death is called apoptosis 

Apoptosis Video
 


Cancer Animation

Section 5.4 Asexual Reproduction: 










Advantages of Asexual vs Sexual Reproduction:
Quick
One parent needed
All good characteristics are passed on


Disadvantages:

No variation (all look the same)

Offspring inherit bad traits

Adaptation to environment is unlikely





Section 5.5 Multicellular Life: 

Cell differentiation- not all cells look alike 

or perform the same function but at one 

point they all had a choice. 




What Are Stem Cells? 

Cells and Energy Chapter 4

Chemical Energy and ATP Section 4.1

The cells of all organisms-from algae to whales to people- need chemical energy for all their processes.

Some organisms absorb energy from sunlight that is stored in sugars called photosynthesis. 

But where do you get this kind of energy? From food? What kind of biomolecules help you achieve energy?

All organisms use this energy known as adenosine triphosphate or ATP. Cells use ATP for functions such as moving material across a membrane by active transport.



The energy found in ATP, a high energy molecule, is released when the third phosphate is removed converting it to ADP, a low energy molecule (adenosine diphosphate)



What types of biomolecules provide us with energy?

Carbohydrates
• molecules most commonly broken down 
• glucose yields about 36 ATP 
• 4 calories per mg (4 Calories per gram)

Lipids 
• triglyceride yields about 146 ATP 
• molecules that store most of the energy in a person’s body 
• 9 calories per mg (9 Calories per gram)

Proteins 
• molecules least likely to be broken down
• store about the same amount of energy as carbohydrates 
• 9 calories 4 calories per mg 
(4 Calories per gram) 

Some organisms use chemicals compounds instead of light energy as their source to make food. This process is known as Chemosynthesis.




Lets assess your knowledge....
Chemical Energy & ATP Quiz


Photosynthesis 4.2



Plants are known as producers because they turn light energy into chemical energy. (they produce their own food)




This happens in a very special organelle of plant cells....




Photosynthesis occurs in the thylakoid (light dependent reaction) and stroma (calvin cycle)

Chlorophyll traps visible light and allows for the light 
reaction to occur.



Chloroplasts are membrane-bound organelles where photosynthesis takes place in plants. 



Photosynthesis takes place in two parts of a chloroplast: the stroma and the granum. 


Thylakoids are coin-shaped, membrane-enclosed compartments inside the chloroplast. 



Lets assess your knowledge....

Photosynthesis Review Video 1

Photosynthesis Review

Photosynthesis Overview Quiz

Cellular Respiration 4.4



Cellular Respiration is known as an aerobic (needs air) process & takes place in 3 parts:

Glycolysis: takes place in the cytoplasm

During this process glucose (sugar) is broken down into 2 molecules known as pyruvate. Pyruvate is a 3 carbon molecule.





Gain 2 ATP per glucose molecule

Inside the Mitochondria 2 reactions take place....

Kreb Cycle (in the matrix of the mitochondria)



Gain 4 ATP per glucose molecule

Electron Transport Chain or ETC (in the inner membrane of the mitochondria)



Gain 32 ATP per glucose molecule

In the end Cellular Respiration provides you with ~38 ATP per Glucose molecule



Lets watch CLICK HERE

Your cells can also function temporarily without oxygen....BUT....another route for obtaining ATP must be taken known as FERMENTATION (an anareobic process=no O2 present)



During the process of fermentation your body uses pyruvate to produce lactic acid

Gain 2 ATP in the process (& CO2)

Interesting tip: Yeast go through fermentation but they produce something different....alcohol

Fermentation Video